Micro.Arkholt

Comic Strip History - Jiggs Dinner

Sat, 01 Aug 2026 13:38:49 -0400

This is a short follow-up to my previous post.

Last month, while researching Dinty Moore specifically and Bringing Up Father generally, I came across a phrase I hadn’t heard before, “Jiggs Dinner.” Like Dinty Moore, it was apparently also derived from the work of George McManus. Unlike Dinty Moore, it’s not very widely known outside of a very specific area, that area being Newfoundland, Canada, but it is quite well known within that area, among other places.

Jiggs Dinner (or sometimes Jiggs' Dinner), in current day Newfoundland, is a dish consisting of a base of corned (or salt) beef and cabbage and some other greens, various root vegetables such as potatoes, carrots, and turnips, and a side of pease pudding. Other vegetables of various sorts can also be added if one wishes. Similar dishes can be found in the United States, such as New England Boiled Dinner, which is essentially the same but without the pease pudding, and in Ireland, where they have Bacon and Cabbage, which again is essentially the same but with a different meat. The Irish variety was most likely the precursor to these types of meals, as it’s thought that Irish immigrants to the United States and Canada, not being able to afford bacon, would substitute the more readily available corned beef, and thus invented the American version of the Irish classic. Newfoundland has a large population of people of Irish descent, so it stands to reason that such a meal would endure as a tradition among them.

Of course, it also stands to reason that, in the early 20th century, they would be quite fond of a newspaper comic about an Irish immigrant who loves corned beef and cabbage.

As stated in the previous post, Bringing Up Father was known worldwide in its heyday, and its two main leads, Jiggs and Maggie, were so well known that most people referred to the strip by their names rather than by its title. Jiggs' penchant for going to Dinty Moore’s cafe and having a bite of corned beef and cabbage was also well known, of course. To the consternation of the cartoonist, George McManus, it was also assumed that he was just as fond of it as Jiggs was. This was only partially true. In the Collier’s Magazine article referenced in the previous post, he states that, “It is true that, like Jiggs, I have some fondness for this simple and succulent dish. But I can take it or leave it. Through the years, I have become rather selective about it, because it has been rammed down my throat on every possible occasion from Maine to California. Does McManus come to town on a King Features promotion tour? Every place he visits has stockpiles of corned beef and cabbage waiting.”

Due to the clear association between Jiggs and corned beef and cabbage (or “C.B. and C.” as I often saw it abbreviated in old newspapers), it didn’t take long for people to start referring to the dish as simply “Jiggs Dinner.” The earliest article I could find which referenced Jiggs Dinner was from a New Brunswick, Canada newspaper in 1918, where it states that a certain business executive had been “host at a Jiggs dinner at his summer home.” The lack of explanation of what a Jiggs dinner is implies that readers would have already been familiar with the term by that time, which is interesting, given that Bringing Up Father had only debuted 5 years prior.

However, the term was not confined only to Canada at this early stage. I found the term in many American newspapers across the country in the 1920s, either reporting that someone had hosted a Jiggs dinner or was planning one, or advertising meat markets, grocery stores, and restaurants where one could buy one (my favorite of these being from a restaurant in Norfolk, Virginia which advertised a Jiggs dinner “of surpassing excellence”).

Of course, at that time the term referred only to the corned beef and cabbage itself, not necessarily to a meal with corned beef and cabbage in it. Still, it’s fairly easy to see how, given that the dish is centered around corned beef and cabbage, Newfoundlanders would also refer to their traditional dish in the same way. Since the 1930s and 1940s, I found that the term began to be used less and less outside of Canada generally and Newfoundland specifically, though it hasn’t gone away entirely. Judging by current newspapers at least, it’s still a popular way to refer to corned beef and cabbage in the Midwestern United States, most especially Ohio.

Jiggs Dinner in the Canadian Encyclopedia

Jiggs Dinner at the Grammarphobia blog

Jiggs Dinner in NUVO Magazine

“My First Jiggs Dinner” at Parts Unknown

“Jiggs Dinner for Beginners” at the official Newfoundland and Labrador tourism website

“Why do we call it ‘Jiggs dinner,’ anyway?” at CBC

Comic Strip History - Dinty Moore

Sat, 27 Jun 2026 16:01:20 -0400

Once again, coming to you from the “I had no idea how complicated this would be when I started” department, we have Dinty Moore, the well known brand of canned soups and stews from the Hormel company. The Dinty Moore brand has included a number of different Hormel products over the years, but the best known is, of course, the beef stew. Some in the know, such as myself, may be aware that a comic strip character of the same name existed prior to the launch of Hormel’s brand, but even they may not know exactly how the name made it from the newspaper onto the can. I certainly wasn’t aware of all the complexities, until now.

In 1913, cartoonist George McManus launched the comic strip “Bringing Up Father,” which he wrote and drew for William Randolph Hearst’s New York American newspaper, and which was syndicated to newspapers across the country by what would later become known as King Features Syndicate. While it isn’t well remembered now, it was very popular in its day, and by the end of its first decade had already spawned several stage plays, live action and animated movie shorts, and multiple reprint book collections. By the time McManus died in 1954, the strip had been syndicated and reprinted in book form worldwide, there had been several live action movies, and McManus had earned over 12 million dollars from the strip. In short, the strip and its characters were very widely known around the world in the early to mid 20th century. After 1954 it was taken over by one of his assistants, Zeke Zekley, and ran all the way to the end of the century, ending in 2000.

The strip mainly revolved around a family of Irish-Americans, comprised of the titular father Jiggs, mother Maggie, and daughter Nora. In many places, these characters were more well known than the title of the strip, prompting many to simply call it “Jiggs and Maggie.” This was also the title given to a number of the live action movies, such as “Jiggs and Maggie In Court” and “Jiggs and Maggie Out West.”

While they had come from a working class background, Jiggs and Maggie had come into possession of a large amount of wealth, and the strip chronicles their struggles with adjusting to the new lifestyle that said wealth brings with it. Maggie and Nora both excitedly take to the high society life, while Jiggs is dragged kicking and screaming into it. Many of the strip’s gags revolve around Jiggs trying to continue to be his working class self, and cavort with this working class friends, to the embarrassment of his wife and daughter.

One of the other major recurring characters that everyone knew was, of course, Dinty Moore. In order to get away from high society life, Jiggs would most often attempt to abscond to the local restaurant and pub owned by Dinty, who was his friend. In his first appearance in 1913, Dinty was a waiter at a fancy restaurant in France. There was a series of strips that recounts the family’s trip to Paris, and in one of them they visit said restaurant. Jiggs recognizes the waiter as one of his friends, Dinty Moore, and is excited to see someone he knows from America. Maggie and Nora, on the other hand, were disappointed they weren’t able to impress a local waiter with the French they had learned. Dinty would somehow make his way back to America, and end up running the pub near where Jiggs and family lived.

In an article he wrote for Collier’s Magazine in 1952, George McManus recounted how he came up with the character of Dinty Moore. As a young boy, McManus had known an Irishman who worked as a bellhop at a hotel in St. Louis, and who was named Dinty. He remembered and used this name when he created his new character, and gave him the last name Moore, because “it seemed to go with it.”

However, there was another man George McManus knew who had a different idea of where the name and the character came from.

McManus was a frequent patron of a restaurant in New York owned by two brothers, William and James Moore. McManus was acquainted with James, who was familiar with his various comic strips. In the aforementioned Collier’s article, McManus even states he had introduced several of his friends to the restaurant, including people he worked with at the newspaper. Moore had never spoken with McManus much, but as soon as Moore saw there was a character in the comic strip called Dinty Moore and who owned a pub, he immediately assumed it was a reference to him. The Collier’s article doesn’t make it clear whether McManus confirmed or denied this to Moore, but either way, Moore did not hesitate to use it as a marketing tool. He changed the name of the establishment to “Dinty Moore’s” and also started calling himself Dinty Moore, after the character. Either due to the association with a popular comic strip, or due to Moore’s marketing prowess, or both, it became a very popular place for anyone visiting that side of New York to go. During Prohibition, it was well known as a speakeasy, and was frequented by various celebrities, as well as the police, though not always for the same reasons.

Due to the popularity of the New York restaurant, and the comic strip, other Dinty Moore’s restaurants began opening in various places in the country as well. Some sources claim that James Moore himself opened up a chain of them, though many of them seem to be unrelated. I couldn’t find any evidence to suggest he was aware of all of them, but King Features Syndicate certainly was. An article I found from the Winchester (KY) Sun recounts the tale of two brothers who bought a restaurant there and renamed it Dinty Moore’s, but in order to do so had to get permission from the syndicate (then called International Feature Service). I couldn’t find much in the way of legal challenges to these restaurants, but it’s clear that it did happen.

In a certain case, however, it did not seem to happen at all, and that case is what would lead to the canned stew.

In 1888, Charles Witt opened up a new grocery store in Minneapolis, MN called “Witt’s Market House.” In 1919, it moved to a new location, where it would stay until it closed down in 1968. Witt’s store carried all types of grocery items, but they specialized in meat products. After Witt came up with a new method of curing hams using brine and a “secret solution”, in 1925 they began marketing these hams under the brand name Dinty Moore. Witt’s became an institution in Minneapolis at that time, and Dinty Moore hams became their signature product. It wouldn’t take long for them to start marketing other meat products under the Dinty Moore brand as well, and by 1935 the name Dinty Moore was firmly associated with meat in the minds of much of the populace of Minneapolis. Witt even had the Dinty Moore name trademarked for use with marketing meat products.

Roy Witt, one of Charles' sons, was friends with Jay Hormel, the son of George Hormel, founder of what would later become known as the Hormel Foods company. One day in 1935, as Jay was showing Roy their new warehouse in Austin, MN, he mentioned the fact that a government contract to can beef had fallen through, leaving them with a bunch of empty cans they had nothing to do with. Roy suggested that instead of just canning beef, they add some vegetables and turn it into stew, and even suggested he use Witt’s Dinty Moore brand to market it. An agreement was made between Hormel and Witt, and Dinty Moore Beef Stew was born. Witt’s never expanded beyond downtown Minneapolis and eventually had to close due to lower and lower demand for their products, and the Dinty Moore trademark was eventually fully taken over by the Hormel company. The brand has continued ever since, and it’s difficult to go to the soup aisle of any grocery store and not see it.

Now, I don’t have definitive proof of where Witt got the name Dinty Moore from, or why they decided to market their meat products under that name. I couldn’t find any statements from Charles Witt or his sons about how they came up with it. However, I feel that the uniqueness of the name, the popularity of the comic strip, and the heavy association of the name with restaurants and food makes it very easy to connect it to the comic strip character. The name was definitely in the zeitgeist. Hormel, of course, didn’t take it directly from either the comic or the restaurant, but Witt most likely did take it from one or both of those things, and passed it on to Hormel. Also, while it seems like they shouldn’t have been able to trademark the name if they had taken it from someone else, as we saw with Skippy, trademark law in those days was not nearly as robust as it is now.

Thankfully, unlike Skippy, this story doesn’t have any kind of tragic ending for the cartoonist. McManus never owned the copyright to the strip or to the characters, so he never felt the need to litigate. In my research, I found references to legal challenges from King Features, but I wasn’t able to find when any of these challenges took place, so I’m skeptical of their existence. Even if they did happen, clearly they didn’t amount to anything, and since King Features has never sold any food products, the court would most likely rule they weren’t in direct competition. For McManus’s part, Bringing Up Father made him a very wealthy man, and though he lost much of his fortune in the 1929 stock market crash, he had gained it all back by the time of his death in 1954. …

For More Information:

Bringing Up Father at Don Markstein’s Toonopedia

Dinty Moore’s in Winchester, KY from the Winchester Sun

James Moore obituary where he’s called “Real Dinty Moore”

Dinty Moore at Food Timeline

Take Corned Beef And Cabbage, by George McManus, from Collier’s Magazine, January 26, 1952

On Strips: Bringing Up Father at Kleefeld on Comics

Witt’s Market House at Hennepin History Museum

“Remember Witt’s?” Page 11 and Page 13 from the Minneapolis Star Tribune

Comic Strip History - The Grawlix

Sat, 25 Apr 2026 17:17:07 -0400

In times past, when I’ve covered words or phrases that originated in a comic strip, generally they had a major effect only on the English language, and sometimes only American English. This time, however, we have something that appears to have affected multiple cultures and languages across the world, even while still remaining entirely unpronounceable. Everyone has seen it, and it’s immediately recognizable. It’s a series of punctuation marks and symbols that indicate someone or something is emitting profane or vulgar language (for example, “@&%$!"), which these days is most commonly known as a grawlix. The first appearance of a grawlix, that we know of, was in a strip called Lady Bountiful, drawn by Gene Carr, published on November 1, 1901. Ruldolph Dirks, creator of the Katzenjammer Kids, is often cited as the first to use a grawlix, but examples of this in Dirks' work can’t be found until a year after the Lady Bountiful strip. However, the popularity of the Katzenjammer Kids was certainly instrumental in popularizing its use. Given that one of the main characters of the strip was a ship captain, and the strip would often feature other characters who were sailors, they cursed just like them, too. Such cursing would, of course, be “censored” by the grawlix. In the earliest uses, all types of symbols were included, not just punctuation marks, though the exclamation point was very common and was generally expected to appear. Other common symbols were five-pointed stars, spirals, skulls, and in the case of Dirks' sailors, an anchor. Grawlices have mainly been used in comic strips with a more humorous tone; they have always exuded a certain air of whimsy, so they may seem out of place in a strip with more serious drama. Still, they can bring a more fun and comedic air to an action and adventure strip, and cartoonists such as Harold Gray, in Little Orphan Annie, and Chester Gould, in Dick Tracy, were not afraid to employ them from time to time. It wouldn’t take long for this to become a convention in not only newspaper comics, but also comic books. In the modern age, it seems the grawlix has broken free of comics entirely, and can often be seen in various textual media, everywhere from published books to social media posts. While I’m not an Internet historian, I can also imagine it being very useful even from the early days of the Internet, back when the only way to send information of any kind was through the use of text. Further, because of the nature of it, the grawlix isn’t restricted to use within any particular language. People around the world are able to use it and still be understood. In fact, the official emoji for an angry person using profanity (🤬) (officially known as “serious face with symbols covering mouth”) has a censor bar with a grawlix on it. But where did the word “grawlix” come from? In 1946, columnist Charles Rice in the newspaper supplement tabloid This Week wrote a humorous column titled “Squeans, Plewds, and Briffits, or How to Be A Cartoonist,” in which he presented several visual conventions of comic strips along with the names of such. The column was written in a way that suggested these words already existed and were in use among cartoonists, though Rice had made them all up himself. There was, however, no mention of a grawlix in Rice’s column. At that time and since, one can find others using words and phrases such as “cursing characters” or “obscenicons,” but “grawlix” had not yet been invented. Enter Mort Walker. Clearly inspired by Rice’s column, Walker, creator of Beetle Bailey, wrote a column for the National Cartoonists Society magazine The Cartoonist entitled “Let’s Get Down To Grawlixes.” This column, published in 1964, cites Rice as an inspiration and includes all of the words he coined in his article for This Week, but goes even further by coining terms for many other visual conventions of the comics medium, including the grawlix. Of the grawlix, Walker wrote: > A variety of acceptable curse words are at the cartoonist’s disposal. He may throw in a new one from time to time, but the real meat of the epithet must always contain plenty of jarns, quimps, nittles, and grawlixes, as shown. In his book Mort Walker’s Private Scrapbook, Walker says this article was originally meant to only be a joke, but his son Brian convinced him to expand the idea into an entire book. In 1980, this would become the seminal reference work for all of these comic words, The Lexicon of Comicana. As a side note, despite citing Rice as an inspiration in the The Cartoonist article, in Private Scrapbook Walker claims to have invented all of the words he included in the Lexicon which, as has been shown, is not true. Many of the words both in the The Cartoonist article and in the Lexicon were borrowed from Rice, and in the Lexicon Walker even recreated Rice’s illustrations of plewds and squeans, complete with Rice’s captions. That said, in his book Backstage At the Strips, Walker begins by writing, “If the stories in this book are not exactly told the way they happened, it’s the way they should have happened if God had been a better gagwriter – or if I’d had a better memory.” So I guess that applies to Private Scrapbook as well. But I digress. In The Lexicon of Comicana, in a section of the book titled “Maladicta,” Walker introduces the grawlix and its relatives in a way similar to their introduction in the The Cartoonist article: > Even in today’s permissive society many four letter words are not permissible in the comics. Even though profanity may be used in other sections of the paper, people feel that, since children read cartoons, the comic section should be inviolate. Cartoonists, therefore, have had to develop acceptable substitutes. A first sergeant would lose a lot of his charm if he said, “Gee whiz, Beetle. You make me so terribly mad!” So the creative mind came up with a variety of “jarns,” “quimps,” “nittles,” and “grawlixes” to help convey a sergeant’s strong emotion and add color and dimension to his personality. It’s interesting to note that, in both the The Cartoonist article and in the Lexicon of Comicana, Walker names a number of different profanity replacements consisting of various shapes and symbols, the grawlix only being one of many. A jarn appears to include only spiral type shapes, a nittle includes various star shapes, and a grawlix appears to only consist of formless squiggles. Yet, “grawlix” would be the word that would come to describe all of these varying maladicta over the course of time. This may have been because it’s the most interesting and memorable of the words, or perhaps because Mort Walker himself decided to lump them all together at some point. I can’t be sure. Whatever the reason, by 2018 dictionaries had begun to take notice of widespread enough use of the word that they started including it. Webster’s added it in 2018, the official Scrabble dictionary added it in 2022, and the venerable Oxford English Dictionary added it in 2025. For more information: Obscenicons A Century Ago and More on the early days of obscenicons at Language Log Grawlixes Past and Present by Gwillim Law Charles Rice’s column in This Week at Weird Universe Backstage At The Strips and Mort Walker’s Private Scrapbook at The Internet Archive What the @#$%&! Is a Grawlix? at ThoughtCo. What the #@*% is a ‘grawlix'? at Merriam-Webster Why Cartoon Characters Curse Like This at the Vox YouTube channel Grawlix and the Lexicon of Comicana at A Way With Words

Unexpected Comic Strip Creators - Charles Addams

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 12:53:36 -0400

Charles Addams is best known as the creator of The Addams Family, a group of strange, monster movie adjacent characters who first appeared as cartoons in The New Yorker magazine.

The magazine first began printing cartoons by Addams in 1932, and he joined the cartooning staff of the magazine in 1935. Certain recurring characters who would later be associated with The Addams Family began appearing in his cartoons in 1937, but it wouldn’t be until the next year that he would collect them together into a recurring feature titled “The Addams Family”. In 1964, when the television show based on said characters debuted, they would finally be given names, which were provided by Addams himself.

Since 1964, the Addams Family has appeared in TV shows, animated cartoons, movies, and streaming series, but around the 1950s the main place to see them, or any other Charles Addams cartoons, was either in The New Yorker, certain other magazines like TV Guide or Colliers, or in books collecting his work. If you looked for it in the newspaper you would be very disappointed. That was, until 1955 when the McClure Syndicate began publishing a weekly black and white panel by Charles Addams titled “Out of This World” (which I have mentioned before). There isn’t much information available on this, but here’s what I could find.

In Allan Holtz’s book “American Newspaper Comics,” he lists the panel as running only in 1956, though I was able to find it running a bit earlier in December of 1955, and ending in December 1956. I also found it running in the British magazine Tatler for a period of 75 weeks, which means it had to have run in the newspaper for more than a year. It ran weekly, on Sundays, though it was printed only in black and white, much like Addams New Yorker cartoons.

While I can’t say for certain, it stands to reason that these were rejected New Yorker cartoons that Addams still particularly liked, so he wanted to see them published somewhere. I also imagine that McClure syndicate figured Addams was an established enough name that newspapers would buy the panel based on that alone. All of this is speculation, but when looking at the panels themselves, it’s hard to distinguish between the ones that were printed in the newspaper and the ones printed in the magazine.

Further, some of the Out of This World panels include characters that look very similar to Addams Family characters, such as Pugsley and Uncle Fester.

This brings me to another interesting point: In researching this, I came across the Charles and Tee Addams Foundation, who are “dedicated to advancing the artistic achievement of American cartoonist, Charles Samuel Addams,” from a comment left on a blog post by one of its members, H. Kevin Maserocchi. He states that he is aware of 65 of these cartoons which were published in newspapers, though somehow it also ran in the Tatler magazine for 75 weeks. Further, many the originals are owned by the foundation and are displayed at exhibitions. This is interesting, given the lack of information available from the foundation about the syndicated strip. If the foundation is aware that they were printed in newspapers, one would think they would acknowledge that fact somewhere on their website, given the amount of information they do provide on Addams' life and career.

Yet, it is nowhere to be found. The biographical timeline doesn’t mention Out of This World, and there’s no mention of it in the biographical sketch. The timeline does list the 1957 publication of “Nightcrawlers,” a collection of Addams cartoons, which included some from Out of This World, but it does not mention the strip.

So, Miserocchi’s comment implies that, while they are aware of the strips, and they are valued just as highly as the magazine cartoons, they have not displayed, republished, or reprinted them with any recognition of their status as newspaper comics. They are treated the same as the rest of his work. Which brings me back to my earlier statement: it would be hard for a layperson to distinguish these cartoons from his other work, and it seems it’s either just as hard for the foundation to do so, or they have just decided not to.

I can’t say I’m extremely bothered by this, because I think newspaper comics should be valued as highly as other comic works and art works, but it’s just interesting that there is no acknowledgment. It would be nice for there to be some, given how difficult it is to find mentions of the newspaper strip anywhere. The definitive biography of Addams, “Charles Addams: A Cartoonist’s Life” by Linda H. Davis, doesn’t mention it at all. Even the Wikipedia page only mentions it in passing, with no citation.

All that said, I feel like this lends credence to the idea that they were rejected New Yorker cartoons. If they were originally meant to be in a certain publication, it makes sense to continue to associate them with other cartoons that ran in that publication.

For more information:

Out of This World panels at Ink Spill blog. Of particular note is the comment from H. Kevin Maserocchi

The Addams Family at Don Markstein’s Toonopedia

Charles Addams at Don Markstein’s Toonopedia

Charles Addams at Lambiek Comiclopedia

Out of This World in Tatler magazine at Attempted Bloggery blog

Charles Addams biographical timeline at the Charles and Tee Addams Foundation

Unexpected Comic Strip Creators - Stan and Jan Berenstain

Fri, 30 Jan 2026 17:08:03 -0400

Stan and Jan Berenstain (not Berenstein, and no we will not be discussing the Mandela Effect today) are of course best known for creating the series of children’s books The Berenstain Bears. Books in the series have been published since the 1960s, and are still published now, overseen by Stan and Jan’s son Mike. A much less well known fact is that the Berenstains had a fairly long cartooning career prior to creating the Bears, even creating a syndicated newspaper comic. Despite both growing up in Philadelphia, and at one point even living in the same neighborhood, they didn’t meet until they were college students, on the first day of drawing class at what was then called the Philadelphia Museum School of Industrial Art (later called University of the Arts, and which sadly closed down in 2024). Shortly thereafter, they would be separated by World War II, as Stan was drafted into the Army, but they would still put their artistic abilities to use. Much of Stan’s time in the Army was spent at a hospital as a medical illustrator, making detailed drawings of soldiers who had undergone facial reconstruction surgery. As you can imagine, the work could be quite unpleasant, so to keep things light he created cartoons featuring a bumbling, incompetent soldier character called Oglethorpe, which would end up getting published in several Army newspapers. Not satisfied with just being published in Army publications, he also sent some cartoons to a magazine called the Saturday Review of Literature, and was paid $35 per cartoon (which, by 1940s standards, was pretty good, especially for a soldier). While Stan was in the Army, Jan also contributed to the war effort as a riveter, as well as a mechanical illustrator for the Army Corps of Engineers. When Stan returned home in 1946, they were so happy to be reunited that they were married less than two weeks later. Encouraged by Stan’s earlier success at selling cartoons to a magazine, the two decided to become a cartooning team and submit to as many magazines as they could. They were not met with very much initial success. No major magazine wanted to buy their work. They were able to consistently sell to the Saturday Review of Literature, but mostly because the cartoons they submitted were mainly about art and literature. In his book on their early cartooning work, their son Mike recounts a meeting that Stan had with an editor of The Saturday Evening Post. He asked Stan if he had ever actually read their magazine, and when Stan replied that he had, the editor said he found it quite surprising given the kinds of cartoons that he sent in. He praised the overall quality of the work, but said that what they wanted was cartoons about families and parents, not art and culture. With this in mind, Stan and Jan decided to be a bit more targeted in their humor, to appeal to the audience that read the magazines they were trying to sell cartoons to. The Berenstains weren’t parents yet, so their ability to write jokes from the perspective of a parent was limited. Around this time, they took jobs as instructors at the Settlement School in South Philadelphia. Their experience at the school, as well as thinking back to many of their own experiences as children, inspired them to write jokes from the perspective of kids. Unlike their previous batches of cartoons, these proved to be far more popular, and major magazines such as the aforementioned Saturday Evening Post and Collier’s began buying them. One cartoon editor suggested that it would also be good publicity at family magazines to reinforce that they were a husband and wife team, so they began signing all of their work “The Berenstains.” This new direction helped them go from selling to only one or two no-name magazines to regularly selling to the biggest names in the business. A lot of their success came from Collier’s Magazine, where they gained popularity for a series of full page cartoons which depicted large scenes of groups of children playing in various ways, such as at recess, on a frozen lake in winter, and in the school gym. In addition to the interiors, they were able to get many cartoons on the cover of the magazine, which only increased their notoriety. This led to their main output being for Collier’s, and their cartoons becoming a regular feature in every issue. A popular recurring character in their Collier’s cartoons was a young girl named Sister, a tomboyish, no-nonsense type reminiscent of Little Lulu or Nancy. She has over the years often been compared to Dennis the Menace, though she predates him by a couple of years. Around this time, in 1951, the Berenstains were also contacted by book publisher Macmillan, who asked them to do a book of cartoons about parenting. They had a child and were parents by that time, and where therefore able to pull from that experience to create a book called “The Berenstains' Baby Book.” Multiple similar humor books followed, including a collection of the Collier’s Sister cartoons. While their cartoons of that era didn’t have very many recurring characters, Sister was certainly their most popular. This led them to consider doing something they had never done before, which was submit the cartoons for syndication at a newspaper. The comic strip “Sister” was picked up by Register and Tribune Syndicate, and the first strip ran on April 6, 1953. While their magazine cartoons were generally a single panel, the daily newspaper comics were always two to three panels, and of course several more on Sundays. This was the case for the first year, at least. In July of 1954, the dailies switched to a single panel format, though the Sundays continued to be multiple panels. This is kind of a shame, because I think the Berenstains did a better job when they had the space to build up to a punchline rather than just immediately deliver a gag. Comic strip historian Allan Holtz has a low opinion of the strip, and thinks many of the gags were actually “recycled” from Dennis the Menace, though I think Sister has a different kind of charm to her than Dennis does. He also notes that she seems to be misnamed, given that she’s an only child, which I can’t argue with. Unfortunately, most readers and newspaper comics editors had much the same opinion as Holtz, as Sister never ran in very many papers over its lifetime. Advertisements for the new strip in newspapers always mentioned the Berenstains' magazine cartoons, clearly hoping to pull in some of the magazine readers, but this didn’t seem to do much to increase readership. After a short while, Stan and Jan found that the amount of time and effort put into the strip was not worth what they were getting out of it. The strip ended after only 3 years, on April 15, 1956. After this, their newspaper career was over, and they would never syndicate a comic strip again. They immediately went back to working at Collier’s, though that magazine also ceased publication at the end of 1956. Afterwards, they created a recurring magazine feature “It’s All In The Family,” which first ran in McCall’s and later Good Housekeeping, until it ended in 1988. The first Berenstain Bears book was published in 1962, and would of course spawn the series of books that eclipsed all of their previous cartooning work. Sister wasn’t the last time they would attempt a syndicated newspaper comic, however. According to a listing from Editor & Publisher magazine in 1982, a comic strip based on the Berenstain Bears was at one point under development and set to be syndicated by King Features, but never came about. For more information: Child’s Play: The Berenstain Baby Boom, by Mike Berenstain, Stan and Jan’s son Sister at Stripper’s Guide The Berenstains at The Daily Cartoonist Team Berenstain part 1, part 2, part 3, and part 4 at the Berenstain Bears Blog Berenstain cartoon books, early magazine cartoons, and Sister from Collier’s Magazine at Mike Lynch’s blog More on the Berenstain cartoon books at Berenstain Bears Collectors

Thornsby, December 5, 1974

Tue, 09 Dec 2025 12:31:46 -0400

Thornsby was a single panel comic that ran from 1973 to 1975. It seems to be a bit of an obscurity, as I wasn’t able to find out much more than that, even from my usual obscurity sources. What I did find, however, is that Tom McLaren, the son of Thornsby cartoonist Fred McLaren, has collected all of his father’s work together into a book, which is available for purchase as print-on-demand on his website or directly from Lulu.

Looking at this panel in particular, it certainly seems like not much has changed in the 50 years since this was published. I think we could all do with a reread of A Christmas Carol. In fact, I think everyone needs a little more Charles Dickens in their life at any time of year (and here’s a good place to start).

Tell It Like It Is, December 2, 1974

Sun, 07 Dec 2025 21:31:49 -0400

Ralph Dunagin was an editorial cartoonist for the Orlando Sentinel who also worked on a few syndicated comic strips. He wrote gags for “Grin and Bear It” and wrote for “The Middletons,” and he also wrote and drew his own syndicated comic. Originally titled “Tell It Like It Is,” it was eventually renamed “Dunagin’s People.” While never overtly political, it still touched on various social issues of the day.

I picked this one because it feels very much like a comic from 1974, given the popularity of the title “Ms.” at that time. I also really like the ambiguity of the gag. As “Ms.” is meant to not indicate marital status, it could be that a number of these women have just chosen to utilize a new title for themselves, or it could be that their marital status has changed. Being able to understand a joke on multiple levels is always an indicator of a well-written gag.

Henry, December 1, 1957

Sat, 06 Dec 2025 14:43:09 -0400

Henry is so ubiquitous when I’m searching through old newspapers for winter and Christmas themed comic strips that I was sure I had posted him in a previous December. After searching through my prior posts, however, I found that not to be the case.

Henry is often known as a pantomime strip, because the titular character doesn’t speak and neither do some of the other characters. This is not true of every character, though, as we see here with the candy shop man. The strip was created by Carl Thomas Anderson, and continued to be credited to him even after his death. Anderson died in 1948, and the Sunday version of the strip was taken over by his assistant, Don Trachte, who did the strip you see here.

It seems kids of every era were doing whatever they could to mimic adults and act more “grown-up.” Back in the days when cigarettes were advertised on television, if this strip is any indication, pretending to smoke was a popular thing to do. I sure hope they didn’t take up the real thing when they got older, though.

Cicero's Cat, December 5, 1965

Fri, 05 Dec 2025 12:24:18 -0400

Cicero’s Cat began as a topper strip to the venerable Mutt and Jeff. The character of Cicero was the son of Mutt, and the topper originally focused on Cicero himself. The cat, named Desdemona, proved to be more popular than her owner, and eventually the topper was focused entirely on her. In fact, she proved to be so popular that often the topper would be printed separately, apart from Mutt and Jeff, though it never officially became its own strip. Since Desdemona doesn’t speak, or even “think speak” like Snoopy or Garfield, it also became a pantomime strip as can be seen here. Mutt and Jeff was created by Bud Fisher, though Al Smith often assisted, and upon Fisher’s death in 1954 Smith took over both the main strip and the topper.

I’ve never lived anywhere near any kind of pond or lake that regularly freezes over in the winter, so I’ve never been out on ice like in this strip, but even if I did I don’t think I would be brave enough to press my luck like Desdemona does here. If she had just done some ice dancing on the lake then perhaps she would have been fine. Unfortunately, you know what they say, curiosity about the sturdiness of ice dumped the cat into freezing water (or something like that).

Herman, December 05 1953

Thu, 04 Dec 2025 12:09:44 -0400

Herman (still by Clyde Lamb and not by Jim Unger) is a comic strip I haven’t revisited in a while, so here’s another one. To be clear, I have nothing against Jim Unger’s Herman, but I just find Lamb’s Herman to be more interesting and funny. Plus, Jim Unger doesn’t have nearly as wild of a life story as Clyde Lamb does. To make a long story short, Lamb started his art career while in prison for the third time. The first time, he was arrested for armed robbery but was able to escape. The second time, he was arrested for armed robbery again and his wife tried to help him escape and was caught, but he was able to successfully escape at a later time. He was arrested and put in prison for the third time due to his previous prison escapes. He learned art and began to draw cartoons during his third prison sentence, and after he was released in 1947 he started drawing the comic strip Herman, which debuted in newspapers in 1949. He was never imprisoned again after that, thankfully. Herman ran until Lamb’s death in 1966.

Today’s wintery strip is nothing nearly as exciting as all that. It’s just a shrewd apple salesman finding ways to make money while still keeping warm. A baked apple does sound like it would be a nice treat on a cold day.

The Old Home Town, December 05, 1934

Wed, 03 Dec 2025 12:08:20 -0400

The Old Home Town seems to be a cross between a hillbilly strip like Li’l Abner or Snuffy Smith and a nostalgic single panel comic like Out Our Way. The cartoonist, Lee Wright Stanley, was from Kansas and was familiar with the rural folk of that region, and wrote what he knew. The strip ran from 1923 to 1966, and apparently coined a number of catchphrases that were popular during that period, though they didn’t have much staying power because I haven’t heard any of them in my lifetime. An article from 1939 states that the strip popularized such phrases as “Hold ‘er Newt, she’s arearin’,” “Git fer home, Bruno,” “Just ez I thought,” “Effen it’s news to you –,” and “What’s the fuss?”. Some of them just seem like normal phrases anyone could have come up with, so this may require further research.

As for this particular panel… All I have to say is, can’t he at least hold it in front of a fire for a bit before putting it on? Putting it on right off the line sounds like hypothermia waiting to happen.

Scamp, December 2, 1967

Tue, 02 Dec 2025 12:11:55 -0400

Even though it was one of the lesser known Disney comic strips, Scamp ran for an impressive 33 years, from 1955 to 1988, with the Sunday strip running almost as long, from 1956 to 1988. The character first appeared at the very end of the movie Lady and the Tramp, as the child of the titular characters. It didn’t take long before he was appearing in a Dell Comics comic book series, and a few months later a newspaper strip, both of which debuted the same year as the movie. It wasn’t until 2001 that Scamp would get his own direct-to-video movie, though given the track record of Disney direct-to-video, I imagine the comics were of a higher quality.

Here, we see Scamp’s friend Cheeps complaining about the cold, though if a bird is cold even in its nest then it probably wasn’t built properly in the first place. Though, from my understanding, that’s the gimmick behind Cheeps; he’s very bad at making nests. Maybe this year Scamp can lend some of his fur to Cheeps to line his nest with so he won’t be so cold.

Tue, 25 Nov 2025 19:07:38 -0400

I was recently commissioned to draw an offline/banner image for the Twitch channel SaltCommittee, featuring the four main members doing what they do. I think I captured their essences quite well. Take a look on my portfolio site:

portfolio.arkholt.com/vector/sa…

💬 Lynn Johnston on honesty and truth in storytelling, from Hogan's Alley 1, Fall 1994

Tue, 14 Oct 2025 12:00:08 -0400

LYNN JOHNSTON: I spoke to Garry Trudeau… He was very comforting, and he said, “If you want to make a statement, you have to make it with all honesty and truth and be comforted knowing that it was made with your own strong sense of values and truth.”

 TOM HEINTJES: You’re handling this sequence so deftly and so honestly, with a perceptiveness that seems so authentic. I’m left wondering if you simply wrote it from out of your imagination.

 LYNN JOHNSTON: I didn’t. I wrote it from experience. My brother-in-law is gay. It certainly has not been by design, but so very many of my friends have been gay, all the way through school, art school, even in my husband’s dental class — our very best friend, who graduated with Rod, was gay and is now HIV-positive. He’s been thrown out of his home. We’ve been part of the private lives of so many people who have had to deal with this. I know this story. I know it’s a true one, and I know the dialogue by heart. 

TOM HEINTJES: That explains why it seemed so palpably real. 

LYNN JOHNSTON: It is real. That’s why I can stand tall and know that I am not making up a story simply to shock people. I produced a story that is so true that it’s painful. You know what it’s like? It’s like lancing a boil and taking out the thing that won’t allow it to heal. Not that I intended to do that, but I had the confidence that I could tell this story from the side of the people who had experience. In that way, I was being very true to myself, my strip and to them. The strip’s always been very honest.

notes.arkholt.com/pubs/hoga…

💬 Lynn Johnston on the reader response to the Lawrence "coming out" storyline, from Hogan's Alley 1, Fall 1994

Sat, 11 Oct 2025 13:22:44 -0400

TOM HEINTJES: How is your mail running, now that a large part of sequence has run? 

LYNN JOHNSTON: At this point, it’s overwhelmingly supportive… For the most part, I’m hearing from families, psychiatrists, doctors, teachers, very open-minded people who are saying, “Good ー we have left this in a closet for far too long, and it’s time we allowed people a life.” And I’ve gotten letters of support from people of all ages. There are teachers who are going over this a day at a time with their students, with the approval of the students' parents. They’re writing and phoning to tell me that it’s an educational tool. One letter was from a mother who said that because of the strip, her son had the courage to tell her that he was a homosexual, and because of the strip, she had the courage to handle it well. I also got a letter from a woman in Edmonton who said that if the strip had run last year, perhaps her son would still be alive, because then he would know that he was not the only one in the world with this problem. It’s that kind of response that makes me think it’s been worth the rollercoaster ride it’s put me on. It would be so much easier not to make a statement, not to tell a story, to continue to be that yellowing page on the refrigerator.

notes.arkholt.com/pubs/hoga…

💬 Lynn Johnston on wanting her work to be meaningful, from Hogan's Alley 1, Fall 1994

Thu, 09 Oct 2025 18:01:41 -0400

LYNN JOHNSTON: …I never thought that I could do this. I never applied for this job. I never sent anything in and said, “Hey, check this out, give me a job.” When I signed a contract at Universal Press Syndicate, the people around that big rosewood table were interested in celebrating. They wanted to take me out to lunch, but I went back to the hotel and – swear to God -ー got physically ill. 

TOM HEINTJES: You realized what you’d gotten yourself into. 

LYNN JOHNSTON: How could I produce material every day, 365 days a year? How could I do that? I could see producing a book now and then, but a daily comic strip? I was going to have readers every day who would expect a certain level of quality work, and I think that maybe that’s why I segued into the little vignettes that have moralistic and motherly values, like little parables. I might not be able to have a joke every day, but I could have a thought every day. 

When you’re very young, you often find yourself completely devoted to something, whether it’s Elvis Presley or a father figure or whatever. You become a cult member of some sort. And when I was very young, I wanted to be married to a minister. I didn’t want to be a minister, but I wanted to be the wife of one, because I wanted to write his sermons. I was about eight years old, and I would lie in bed and pray, “Please, God, make me a minister’s wife,” because I wanted to write something that would mean something to people!

 I was brought up believing that everyone was bathed in sin. You would arrive at church, the day would be beautiful, the birds would be singing, everything would smell like fresh morning dew, and you’d feel great! And when you walked out after the service, you’d feel like you had nailed some poor sucker to a cross! “Wait a minute! I was happy until I came here!” [laughter] And I don’t think spiritual guidance necessarily means shredding your self-confidence and destroying your day. You should come out of church wanting to carry on and care about people, pursuing your dreams and being positive. And when I was that little girl, I wanted to write pieces for that audience that would lift them up and make them feel great! And do you know what?

TOM HENTJES: Yeah in a very real way, you ended up doing just that.

 LYNN JOHNSTON: And I never even married a minister! [laughter]

notes.arkholt.com/pubs/hoga…

💬 Lynn Johnston on drawing as a child, from Hogan's Alley 1, Fall 1994

Wed, 08 Oct 2025 11:23:11 -0400

TOM HEINTJES: Did you devise any sort of escape mechanism for the life you had?

 LYNN JOHNSTON: I was very reclusive. I spent hours and hours in my room drawing. That was my other release, and that was my way of surviving. You see, anything I imagined, I could draw. And I found that if I was in a terrible depression and I closed my eyes, the blackness would appear to go on forever. But if I put it down on paper, it was no bigger than 8 ½ by 11, and I could deal with that. If you have a horror inside of you, it goes down to your marrow. But on paper, it’s not so bad.

notes.arkholt.com/pubs/hoga…

💬 Charles Schulz on comic strip character merchandising, from an address at the 1994 National Cartoonists Society convention, printed in Hogan's Alley 1, Fall 1994

Tue, 07 Oct 2025 11:55:36 -0400

“I don’t know Bill [Watterson]; I’ve never talked to him. I wrote a foreword for one of his books, but I’ve never talked to him. Like I said before, we’re all individuals, and I dreamed of becoming a comic strip artist. I never thought about licensing or anything like that, but I was driving down the street one day and I saw a truck that had Yosemite Sam pasted on the back of the truck. And I thought, “People love cartoon characters, and the man who drives this truck loves Yosemite Sam enough to paste his likeness to the back of his truck.” What in the world is wrong with that? People love coffee cups and things, and if you can put the characters on TV, sometimes it’s just terrible, but if you can do it [well], fine. You’re A Good Man, Charlie Brown is the most-performed musical in the history of the American theater, because we did it right, and I don’t see anything wrong with that. Plus: I don’t think I’m a true artist. I would love to be Andrew Wyeth or Picasso… but I can draw pretty well and I can write pretty well, and I think I’m doing the best with whatever abilities I have been given. And what more can one ask?”

notes.arkholt.com/pubs/hoga…

💬 Matt Groening on licensing and merchandising, from The Comics Journal 141, April 1991

Fri, 03 Oct 2025 16:23:17 -0400

GROENING: I respect Bill Watterson’s resistance to all the offers to exploit Calvin and Hobbes, but I don’t think it would compromise him personally, and certainly not financially. I think people love his comic strip so much that they just want to participate in it in a greater way. And in our culture that means wearing your favorite cartoon character on a T-shirt. To me, a cartoon strip is merchandise, anyway, in and of itself. 

GROTH: Just by virtue of the fact that it’s sold?

 GROENING: Yeah. I don’t think that a comic strip is innately superior to a T-shirt.

[It would be difficult to find a statement about comic strips that I disagree with more.]

notes.arkholt.com/pubs/thec…

💬 Walt Kelly on people misunderstanding his work, from The Comics Journal 140, January 1991

Sat, 27 Sep 2025 15:38:50 -0400

Kelly said people sometimes didn’t understand his work, even early on: “I remember being about three and drawing something; it really wasn’t anything more than a scribble. My aunt and other family members looked at it and asked what it was. At a loss for an answer, I responded that it was a cat. Everyone exclaimed how marvelous a cat it was, showing it around and praising it. I was distinctly puzzled at this reaction since even I could tell it didn’t look anything like a cat.”

notes.arkholt.com/pubs/thec…

💬 Walt Kelly on George Herriman, from The Comics Journal 140, January 1991

Fri, 26 Sep 2025 10:17:13 -0400

FROM THE AUDIENCE: Walt, were you influenced by [George] Herriman at all; did you love his stuff?

 KELLY: Not too much because, you know, that guy’s all by himself. I’ve just borrowed devices from him. He had animals and I had animals. I was more influenced by say, [Arthur] Frost, [Rube] Goldberg, [Tad] Dorgan, [T.S.] Sullivant. Really, those guys who worked on sports, or on the bamboozle of the American public, which I think is the greatest and funniest story in the world. Whereas George was a little gentle. He had his own thing, which can only be described as poetry, really. No, I’m not that gentle a person.

notes.arkholt.com/pubs/thec…

💬 Walt Kelly on political cartooning having to be weeks behind the news, from The Comics Journal 140, January 1991

Wed, 24 Sep 2025 16:31:30 -0400

KELLY:… We’re in a hell of a lot of trouble now. We have a built-in comic named Agnew who is our vice president, and he has come out with a lot of things that are ripe for comment, and we’re in a stupid business where you have to wait six to eight weeks before you can say anything about him. The comic strip business is very American in that it is always safe. You have to lean over backwards to get yourself in trouble, and I lean over backwards fairly well. I would love to be saying something about Agnew now, and there’s no reason why I shouldn’t. Hell, I’ve had a year to wait for him to do anything, just about, and I’m not doing it. So this is how good my work is: I’m still confined to these things, to our practice of putting our strips out six to eight weeks after the news is off the bush, and this is not good. We as cartoonists should always be commenting on what the hell’s right in front of our noses all the time. That’s what Rube [Goldberg] did in the old days, and I don’t know, how many days did you have for your stuff, Rube, you didn’t turn it out every day, did you?

 RUBE GOLDBERG: [from audience] Yeah, every day, yeah. 

KELLY: But was it a one day release? 

GOLDBERG: Yeah. 

KELLY: You see, this was great, this stuff was right on the nose in teens and early ’20s. We can’t do that now.

[Garry Trudeau must have heard this and taken it as a challenge]

notes.arkholt.com/pubs/thec…

💬 Lynda Barry on Jim Davis, from The Comics Journal 132, November 1989

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 12:20:18 -0400

“The guy that I will not eat my words about is Jim Davis, who I think ought to go straight to hell on a greased pole. I think he’s evil. The content of his strip is horrible and mean and terrible. I think the characters in Garfield are the same jerks that are in the White House. Garfield is a Republican jerk – that’s what he always struck me as: this fat, grouchy – it’s just a horrible, horrible character, and I think Jim Davis is horrible himself for creating this. The licensing is obviously a huge a deal for him. Why this guy has become a sort of cultural hero, I’ll never figure out.”

notes.arkholt.com/pubs/thec…

💬 Bill Watterson on licensing, from The Comics Journal 127, March 1989

Sat, 20 Sep 2025 18:03:18 -0400

“Basically, I’ve decided that licensing is inconsistent with what I’m trying to do with Calvin and Hobbes. I take cartoons seriously as an art form, so I think with an issue like licensing, it’s important to analyze what my strip is about, and what makes it work.

It’s easy to transfer the essence of a gag-oriented strip, especially a one-panel gag strip, from the newspaper page to a T-shirt, a mug, a greeting card, and so on. The joke reads the same no matter what it’s printed on, and the joke is what the strip is about. Nothing is lost.

My strip works differently. Calvin and Hobbes isn’t a gag strip. It has a punchline, but the strip is about more than that. The humor is situational, and often episodic. It relies on conversation, and the development of personalities and relationships. These aren’t concerns you can wrap up neatly in a clever little saying for people to send each other or to hang up on their walls. To explore character, you need lots of time and space. Note pads and coffee mugs just aren’t appropriate vehicles for what I’m trying to do here. I’m not interested in removing all the subtlety from my work to condense it for a product. The strip is about more than jokes. I think the syndicate would admit this if they would start looking at my strip instead of just the royalty checks. Unfortunately, they are in the cartoon business only because it makes money, so arguments about artistic intentions are never very persuasive to them.

I have no aversion to obscene wealth, but that’s not my motivation either. I think to license Calvin and Hobbes would ruin the most precious qualities of my strip and, once that happens, you can’t buy those qualities back…

I’m convinced that licensing would sell out the soul of Calvin and Hobbes. The world of a comic strip is much more fragile than most people realize. Once you’ve given up its integrity, that’s it. I want to make sure that never happens. Instead of asking what’s wrong with rampant commercialism, we ought to be asking, “What justifies it?” Popular art does not have to pander to the lowest level of intelligence and taste.

As I said, some strips lend themselves to certain merchandising projects better than others. I’m not condemning licensing across the board; I’m saying licensing doesn’t work for Calvin and Hobbes, and I want the freedom to do with the strip as I see fit.

Obviously, some cartoonists see things differently than I do, and that’s their right. My concern is that I be afforded the right to refuse licensing if I feel it hurts my strip. I think it is wrong that a syndicate should own characters it had no hand in creating, and that a syndicate should use that ownership to thwart the intentions of the cartoonist who did create the characters.”

notes.arkholt.com/pubs/thec…

💬 Bill Watterson on what Hobbes really is, from The Comics Journal 127, March 1989

Tue, 16 Sep 2025 12:16:11 -0400

WATTERSON: Hobbes is really hard to define and, in a way, I’m reluctant to do it. I think there’s an aspect of this character that’s hard for me to articulate. I suppose if I had to choose from those four, the brother and the friend would be the closest. But there’s something a little peculiar about him that’s, hopefully, not readily categorized.

WEST: Well, in a way that says more about Calvin than Hobbes because Hobbes is implicitly, explicitly just a product of his imagination.

WATTERSON: But the strip doesn’t assert that. That’s the assumption that adults make because nobody else sees him, sees Hobbes, in the way that Calvin does. Some reporter was writing a story on imaginary friends and they asked me for a comment, and I didn’t do it because I really have absolutely no knowledge about imaginary friends. It would seem to me, though, that when you make up a friend for yourself, you would have somebody to agree with you, not to argue with you. So Hobbes is more real than I suspect any kid would dream up… The resolution of the question of whether Hobbes is real or not doesn’t concern me or interest me, but, hopefully, there’s some element of complexity there that will make the relationship interesting on a couple of levels… I like the tension that that creates, where you’ve got two versions of reality that do not mix. Something odd has happened and neither makes complete sense, so you’re left to make out of it what you want.

WEST: I guess that’s the rule of some of the best fantasies. Did Alice really go through the looking glass? Was Dorothy really in Oz? What do you choose to believe?

WATTERSON: I should also mention, just in that context, that the fantasy/reality question is a literary device, so the ultimate reality of it doesn’t really matter that much anyway. In other words, when Dorothy’s in Oz, if you want to make this obviously a dream, it becomes stupid – you confine yourself.

WEST: It has less purpose.

WATTERSON: And also less potential. There are inner workings in The Wizard of Oz that are too coherent for a dream — at least my dreams are never that coherent- and so it becomes less interesting if it is only a dream. The literary merits, the purpose of writing it that way, are better served by some ambiguity than by making everything very obvious.

notes.arkholt.com/pubs/thec…